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A Psychoanalytic Reading Of Hamlet Essay - 2158 Words

Shamah fatima Prof. Hussain Azam Shakespeare 4 December 2016 A Psychoanalytic Reading of Hamlet William Shakespeare s Hamlet is different from other Elizabethan revenge plays in the sense that the playwright did put much effort in depicting the psychological make-up of his hero Hamlet. The way Shakespeare portrays the psychological complexities of Hamlet, the play has become a lucrative text to the critics to see through the psychoanalytic lens. Analysis of Hamlet using psychoanalytic criticism reveals the inward states of Hamlet’s mind. Among the various aspects of Hamlet’s character, the thing that instantly draws our attention is his relation with his mother Gertrude. It is here the psychoanalytic critics opine that Hamlet has an Oedipus Complex to his mother. Freud developed the theory of Oedipus complex, whereby, says Freud, the male infant conceives the desire of eliminate the father and become the sexual partner of the mother. Hamlet, too, has several symptoms to suffer from Oedipus Complex. Hamlet’s Oedipus Complex: A fundamental basis for all of Freudian psychology resides in the Oedipal feelings which Freud believed are common to all male children. The major psychological distinction between one person and another was said to come from the way the person handled those feelings and the way that handling was represented in everyday life. Freud is categorical about the existence of the Oedipal impulse: â€Å"It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexualShow MoreRelated Psychoanalytic Analysis of Shakespeare?s Hamlet Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pages If one wants to truly understand the psychological implications of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the primary focus should be on the character Hamlet, and how he develops and modifies throughout the play. Using the fundamentals of the psychoanalytic perspective of critical evaluation, one would be able to truly identify and explore the true nature of Hamlet, and the effects that his character has on the situation surrounding him. In order to gain a true understanding of most of the detail that isRead MorePsychoanalytic Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet1341 Words   |  6 PagesIf one wants to truly understand the psychological implications of William Shakespeares Hamlet, the primary focus should be on the character Hamlet, and how he develops and modifies throughout the play. Using the fundamentals of the psychoa nalytic perspective of critical evaluation, one would be able to truly identify and explore the true nature of Hamlet, and the effects that his character has on the situation surrounding him. In order to gain a true understanding of most of the detail that isRead More The Internal State of the Character Hamlet Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesThe Internal State of Hamlet   Ã‚   Abstract: This essay uses psychoanalytic, new historicism, and deconstructive methods of criticism to expore the scene in which Hamlet stands before Claudius and Gertrude after he has killed Polonius. The oblective is to provide a better understanding of how Shakespeare uses the events in the play as a means of shaping or changing Hamlets actions or emotions Hamlet is a character with emotions that are so complex and intriguing that we, as readers or viewersRead MoreMind and Hamlet1132 Words   |  5 Pagesadmirable text does not define or exhaust its possibilities†. What possibilities do you see in Shakespeare’s Hamlet? Discuss your ideas with close reference to at least two scenes from Hamlet. Shakespeare’s texts have been re-visited, re-interpreted and re-invented to suit the context and preferences of an evolving audience, and it through this constant recreation it is evident that Hamlet â€Å"does not define or exhaust its possibilities†. Through the creation of a character who emulates a variety ofRead More Hamlets Wit Essay examples939 Words   |  4 PagesHamlets Wit       We remember Shakespeares characters largely because of their enormously complex personalities.   Hamlet, with his inner conflicts, indecision, wit, and passive-aggressive behavior, is one of Shakespeares most memorable characters.   Yet so much attention has been given to Hamlets inner conflict-whether or not he should kill his uncle-that a large piece of his personality is easy to overlook.   Hamlets wit strikes out at the audience in several different scenes throughout theRead MoreLiterary Criticisms of Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pages This essay will discuss several literary criticisms of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. After skimming through several articles, I ended up with four peer-reviewed journal articles, each a different critical perspectives of the play: feminist, psychoanalytical/freudian, moral, and new historicism. My previous studies of Hamlet, as well as my rereading of the play this semester, has collectively given me a general knowledge of the text. My familiarity of the play made it easier for me to decipherRead MoreA Freudian View of Hamlet1014 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Kenneth Thomson Acting Out May 2, 2012 Freud’s View of Hamlet My paper will use Dr. Sigmund Freud’s psychological outlooks to analyze possibly the most famous characters in English literature. William Shakespeare’s very own Hamlet. Psychology has been studied since the eighteen hundreds and, after reading through many of Freud’s studies on psychoanalytic culture I feel as though Hamlet is the most deserving of further analysis for this paper. I will analyze the two Freudian concepts thatRead More A Freudian Reading of Hamlet and Titus Andronicus Essay2542 Words   |  11 PagesA Freudian Reading of Hamlet and Titus Andronicus  Ã‚     Ã‚   In 1900 the eminent Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud produced a seminal work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams which contains the idea that dreams allow psychic exploration of the soul, that dreams contain psychological meanings which can be arrived at by interpretation. Freud states that â€Å"every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychicRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Othello1461 Words   |  6 Pagesconversation between Iago and Cassio in another William Shakespeare playwright â€Å"Othello†. In act two, scene three, literary devices such as metaphors and metonymy are used to exaggerate the disappointment Cassio is feeling towards his own actions. When reading one begins to understand exactly what metaphors and metonymy means by Iago s indifferent response. Cassio tells Iago, â€Å"Reputation, reputation, reputation! Oh, I have lost my reputation! I have lo st the immortal part of myself, and what remains isRead More A Darker Side of Our Soul Exposed in Hamlet Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesA Darker Side of Our Soul Exposed in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   We live in a curious age of, tabloids, talk shows, and TV sound bites that purvey a shocking type of tawdry news. These sources of scandal make a lucrative business out of outrageous headlines. But this is nothing new.   Mankind has always had burning desire for uncovering secret truths--even in the time of Shakespeare.   For as Polonius said, If circumstances lead me, I will find/Where truth is hid, though it were hid indeed/Within the center

Zeitoun free essay sample

In the notes about this book, Eggers explains that the book is based on the accounts of Abdulrahman and Kathy Zeitoun. What does the story gain by reflecting only the Zeitoun familys view of the events? What might be lost in such an approach? The story gains by reflecting only the Zeitoun familys view of the events mainly because of the discrimination that Zeitoun had to go through during the Hurricane Katrinna, by the simple reason that Zeitoun is a muslim man, they accused him and his two friends, of being part of the AlQaeda. The American police – military or a higher power – imprisoned them by their religion and did not give them their right to a phone call or a lawyer. â€Å" Zeitoun was pushed toward the front door. The other officers had already gathered Ronnie and Nasser onto an enormous fan boat. It was a military craft, far bigger than any other boat Zeitoun had seen since the storm. Abdulrahman Zeitoun is a man who was born in Syria and migrated to New Orleans to settle. He runs a successful construction company and is well known around the city of New Orleans. From the very beginning of the story the author begins to reveal to the readers Zeitoun’s character and the importance of family to him. In the beginning of the book, Eggers uses the fishing trips Zeitoun was a part of as an example of his love for his family. Zeitoun would go fishing and catch many fish for his family and not collect a dime from the task. Although he genuinely had a love for the sea and adventure, most of his ambition was driven by love for his family and the need to care for them. In his household, family was put first over everything. I believe that this was presented in that part from the book as they would venture out in the cold night to gather provisions for their family. Where Zeitoun comes from, family is reliant upon family. He was raised with this mentality and it was sort of engraved into him as he grew older. So when he was included into another community, he implemented this mindset and treated the community like it was his family; caring for them and trying to keep everyone safe. When Hurricane Katrina rolled along, there was an instinctive feeling in him that swayed him from moving and caused him to remain in the city. He later realized that he needed to be there for his community and that his presence was necessary in order to bring safety to the people in his city; his community, his family. In the book, Eggers also displays how community and family are needed in times of tragedy. He even showed that tragedy may even trigger a stronger sense of togetherness or it may work to destroy communities. Following the horrific effects of the hurricane, the percentage of crimes in the city soared as some acted out of panic and fear for their survival, and some took advantage of the confusion in order to commit crimes. This was triggered by a lack of community and the idea of needing to steal from the community in order to survive. It is an â€Å"everyone for themselves† outlook to the situation. This sort of anti-community attitude is a dangerous one and really causes the problem to inflate. If everyone worked towards helping their community in this time of peril, the situation would have been much less severe. Examples that include the strengthening of a sense of community are found in the decisions and acts of Zeitoun and Todd. They stayed in the city and devoted their time to assisting people in need. The tragedy allowed them to do acts that they weren’t accustomed to. Todd was a completely new man after the storm hit. His time was engulfed in supporting his community and this was caused by the tragic hurricane and the helplessness it brought to most people in the city. This strengthened both Zeitoun and Todd’s devotion to the community and they worked towards rebuilding the morale and conditions of the people. Stressing the positive effects that came from helping the community and highlighting the negative effects that came from hurting the community, Eggers is trying to express that having a strong sense of community in any given situation is definitely important in ANY given situation. I totally agree with the author’s social comment and understand the huge role a strong community plays. I believe this strong sense of community is extremely important in hard times as it may lessen the effects of whatever the calamity. A final example towards the importance of family is the role his family played in Zeitoun’s release from incarceration. When Zeitoun went missing his family became hysterical and constantly worried for him. His family from afar was constantly calling his wife, Kathy, asking her where he is and pleading her to go and find him. His older brother Ahmad sent a barrage of letters to news stations and the media asking for the whereabouts of his brother and begging them to search for him. After his wife found out he was in prison she hired an attorney and fought to have Zeitoun released. Zeitoun was released after only staying about a month in prison compared to other prisoners from New Orleans who were released from about five months to a year. This highlights the power of family in a difficult situation and can be a means of life or death in some cases. The author spent a quarter of the book showing the trouble Zeitoun’s family went through to retrieve him. Due to this, Eggers really argues the importance of family and I completely agree with him. The prisoners without a strong family connection such as Nasser and Todd ended up staying for about four times as long as Zeitoun. This goes to show that having solid family relations are extremely crucial. Through events described in the book, a strong community and family are viewed highly by the author. He places much emphasis on the advantages of a good sense of community and ties to one’s family. He also portrays how events can be much more drastic when there is a lack of or a shaky sense of the two factors. In conclusion, Dave Eggers stresses the importance of family and community in â€Å"Zeitoun† and I completely agree that the two are something that no one should be without.

Object Oriented Analysis and Design Essay Example

Object Oriented Analysis and Design Essay Statement and Confirmation of Own Work Programme/Qualification name: Bsc (Hons) Business Computing and Information Systems All NCC Education assessed assignments submitted by students must have this statement as the cover page or it will not be accepted for marking. Please ensure that this statement is either firmly attached to the cover of the assignment or electronically inserted into the front of the assignment. Student Declaration I have read and understood NCC Education’s Policy on Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism. I can confirm the following details: Student ID/Registration number:00103719 Name:JACOB TACHIE-MENSON Centre Name:IPMC Module Name:OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Module Leader:MR. PETER BIELKOWOICZ Number of words: I confirm that this is my own work and that I have not plagiarised any part of it. I have also noted the assessment criteria and pass mark for assignments. Due Date:15TH OCTOBER, 2010 Student Signature: Submitted Date: 15TH OCTOBER, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION TASK ONE Use Case Analysis INTRODUCTION Doclib Library is the business case study for this assignment. It is a private document library with the business operations of storing and ‘short term’ lending of various documents. With reference to the business case study specified in the Object Oriented Analysis and Design Autumn 2010 assignment, the current library’s processes are executed in a manual system of operation. The demand of this task is to produce a computerised system for the specified functions or services enlisted in the case study by producing an object – oriented model of the system to be developed to support the business using Unified Modelling Language (UML). We will write a custom essay sample on Object Oriented Analysis and Design specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Object Oriented Analysis and Design specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Object Oriented Analysis and Design specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The assignment practically consists of the below tasks: * The first task involves analysis and design of a system for Doclib library using UML. * The second task was related to Communication/Collaboration Diagrams * The third task is to explain how various UML diagrams were developed and * The forth task is producing this report. TASK ONE 1. 1USE CASE ANALYSIS Use case analysis is a process as described by Ivar Jacobson in his book Object-Oriented Software Engineering, as a way of understanding the nature f interaction between users of a system and the internal requirements of that system. According to Jacobson, a use case model specifies the functionality of a system as well as a description of what the system should offer from the user’s perspective (Loshin, 2001). This offers a means of explanation and communication between system users and developers leading to the exploration and identification of scenarios which form part of the system requirement. (Programming Methods ) . This modelling involves the use of UML methodology in producing the various models. The Object Management Group (OMG) specification states: â€Å"The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a graphical language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system. The UML offers a standard way to write a system’s blueprints, including conceptual things such as business processes and system functions as well as concrete things such as programming language statements, database schemas, and reusable software components. † Use case models are practically used to: provide an overview of all or part of the usage requirements for a system or organization in the form of an essential model (Constantine and Lockwood 1999, Ambler 2004) or a business model (Rational Corporation 2002); * model the analysis of usage requirements in the form of a system use-case model (Cockburn 2001) * communicate the scope of a development project According to (Introduction to UML 2 Use Case Diagrams, n. d), use case diagrams depict: * Use cases: It describes a sequence of actions that provide something of measurable value to an actor, and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse. USE CASE Actors: An actor is a person, organization, external system or local process (e. g. , system clock) that plays a role in one or more interactions with a system. Actors are drawn as stick figures, annotated by the diagram below: ACTOR * System Boundary (optional): A rectangle is drawn around the use cases, called the system boundary box. This makes an indication of the system scope. Anything within the box represents functionality that is in scope and anything that is outside the box is not. SYSTEM BOUNDARY * Packages (optional): Packages are UML constructs that enable the organization of model elements (such as use cases) into groups. They are depicted as file folders and can be used on any UML diagrams. PACKAGE * Associations: Association between actors and use cases are indicated by solid lines with an optional arrowhead on one end of the line. The arrowhead is often used to indicate the direction of the initial invocation of the relationship or to indicate the primary actor within the use case. A UML relationship is a type of model element that adds semantics to a model by defining the structure and behavior between the model elements. These relationships include the lt;lt;includegt;gt;, lt;lt;extendgt;gt; and generalization-specialization relationships. An include relationship is a relationship in which one use case (the base use case) includes the functionality of another use case (the inclusion use case). The include relationship supports the reuse of functionality in a use-case model whereas an extend is a generalization relationship where the extending use case continues the behavior of the base use case by conceptually inserting additional action sequences into the base use case(Ambler, 2005 p. 40). Generalization-specialization (Gen-Spec) The gen-spec use case adds features to a generic use case. The gen-spec use case nherits features of the base use case. The gen spec can be used for use cases and actors since both can be specialized (UML Use Case Relationships, 2010). 1. 1. 1USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR DOCLIB LIRARY SYSTEM The use case analysis made on the case study identified two important actors, the librarian and the reader besides two system actors, the payment processor and the timer. The lt;lt;systemgt;gt; stereotype is app licable to system/concrete diagrams that reflect architectural decisions made for a system as opposed to essential diagrams (Constantine and Lockwood 1999). The use cases identified included borrow document, return document, register document, delete document, add document, subject search, deregister reader, view document, issue document/password, make reservation, select subject, create loan, calculate loan fee, check availability, issue fine, search document, get document notification, print document, use short/three day loan and use all loan category. USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR DOCLIB LIBRARY SYSTEM Fig. 1. 1 showing use case diagram for doclib library 1. 1. 2USE CASE DESCRIPTION FOR SELECTED FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 1. 1. 2. BORROW DOCUMENT Use case name:Borrow Document Actor:Librarian Brief description:To loan a document from the library for a short, three day or one week loan category. Detailed description: Actor action| System response| 1. Input login details to the library system as a precondition 2. Checks the availability of document (i. e document status)by doc_code 3. Assuming document is available, loan details are input 4. Select payment method and makes payment 5. Gets paper document or password and exit borrow document function 6. Log off to exit application| Validate login etails and grants access to system for correct login detailsChecks and returns document status message when available or unavailable (on loan or reservation). Checks and register new reader or update existing reader. Calculate and display loan feeRecords and create loan by storing details. Issues password or grant access to document. Borrow document function exits. Application exits| 1. 1. 2. 2SUBJECT SEARCH Use case name:Subject Search Actor:Librarian, Reader Brief description:To search for all the documents â€Å"belonging† to a specified subject. Detailed description: Actor action| System response| Input login details to the library system as a precondition * Initiate search by selecting subject search from menu as a precondition * Select subject(s) from displayed list * Accesses document and exit subject search function * Log off to exit application| Validate login details and grants access to system for correct login detailsDisplays all subjects to commence actual searchSearches and displays all document records for the selected subject(s)Closes subject search functionApplication exits| 1. 2CLASS ANALYSIS The technique used to identify entities and the relationship between them is known as class analysis. This technique is used in specifying the structural properties of the classes that model the concept of the problem domain. It is described by means of class diagram in which no operations are defined, textual constraints that define conditions the information must satisfy but can not be graphically specified in UML, with derived attributes that specify information from other elements of the class diagram (Nemati et. al 2004, p. 775). 1. 2. 1CLASS DIAGRAM 1. 2. 1. 1IDENTIFYING CLASSES AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CLASSES The classes identified of the doclib library are the class Document (with subclasses aper and computerized), class Reader (with subclasses individual and institutional), class Subject, class Loan (with subclasses short, three day and one week), class Reservation and class Librarian. 1. 2. 1. 2ENTITY CLASS DIAGRAM FOR THE DOCLIB LIBRARY SYSTEM 1. 2. 2DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED CLASSES 1. 2. 2. 1CLASS READER Class name:Reader Brief description:Responsible for storing and managing a reader’s information in the system. It has two subclasses specializing the type of a reader Classification:Superclass Attributes: Attribute name| Data type| Description| Notes| eader_no| String| Unique code for each reader| This uniquely identifies each registered reader in the library system| reader_name| String| Name of a particular reader| This will contain the full name of a particular reader | date_of_registration| Date| Reader’s registration date| Date at which a new person is registered into the system as a reader| date_of_last_loan| Date| Date of last loan by reader| To aid system timer to calculate inactive period of a reader to enable it perform the deregister of an inactive reader| frequency| Integer| How regular a reader is| This will enable system to cal culate discount due for an active member required for calculating the actual loan fee| Operations: Operation name| Parameters(name, type)| Results (type only)| Description | Notes| Reader| | | Reader constructor method/operation| It’s used to create a new instance of the reader class| searchSubject| subject, string| String| Searching for all documents belonging to a specific subject| It produces a list of document items based on subject area| viewDocument| password, string| String| Applicable when viewing computerized documents| Password is input to access specified documents| rintDocument| | | Printing a computerized document| A computerised user can print document on request| useDocument| doc_id, string| string| Have access rights to use document as part of borrowing function| After requesting to borrow and paying loan fee for a document, the reader gets document to use| usePassword| password, string| String| Uses password to access computerized documents| A unique access code to a specific computerized document on the system| reserveDocument| doc_id, string| | Reserve document currently unavailable| Does reserve a document that is on loan and currently unavailable for loan. | getDocumentNotification | | | Receives and respond to notification on document reservation made| Corresponding reader of a returned document is notified| Class name:Individual Brief description:Responsible for storing and managing an indivual reader’s information in the system. Classification:Subclass Attributes: Attribute name| Data type| Description| Notes| date_of_birth| Date| An individual reader’s date of birth| Stores an individual reader’s date of birth| Operations: Operation name| Parameters(name, type)| Results (type only)| Description | Notes| useShortThreeDayLoan()| | | Have the options short or three day loan categories| Can only use short or three day loan categories out of the available categories for a loan. | Class name:Institutional Brief description:Responsible for storing and managing an institutional reader’s information in the system. Classification:Subclass Attributes: Attribute name| Data type| Description| Notes| ype_of_institution| string| The type of institution recognised as a reader in the system| Stores information on the type of institution | Operations: Operation name| Parameters(name, type)| Results (type only)| Description | Notes| useAllLoanCategory()| | | Have the right to all loan categories| Can use all available categories for a loan. | 1. 3USE CASE REALIZATION Because use cases capture requirements at a functional level, UML provides a mechanism for tracing functional requirements to their actual implementation, called use case realization. A use case realization is an expression of a use case’s flow of events in terms of objects in the system. In UML, this event flow is expressed with collaborations. Each with a set of sequence and collaboration diagrams (Conallen, 2003). The important of use case from the use case realization decouples the process of gathering requirements. This separation allows developers to focus on well-defined problem at a time and avoid dealing with design issues during the phases of analysis and vice versa. (Paparjorgji and Pardalos 2006, p. 121) According to (Rational unified process, 2001), each use case realization can have interaction object which typically consist of collaboration and sequence diagrams. These diagrams express the behaviour of the use case in terms of collaborating objects. The work of Conallen (2003, p. 26) further describes that although, collaboration diagrams are semantically the same as sequence diagrams, each diagram expresses the information with a different view. Sequence diagrams focus on the time dimension where everything is rigidly placed along the time axis vertically, from top to bottom whereas collaboration diagrams foc us on object instances, not time. The objects in a collaboration diagram can be placed anywhere in the diagram, where a single represents all messages from one object to another. Each message is numbered to preserve the time dimension and they are lumped together on the one association between each object. 1. 3. 1SEQUENCE DIAGRAM FOR â€Å"BORROW DOCUMENT† USE CASE Below is a sequence diagram depicting the interaction between the librarian, the library system interface, the database, document, loan and payment system during the borrow document function of the system. The processes in borrowing a document (computerized or paper) involves the librarian gaining authorized access to the system, checking availability of the document and creating loan to get the document. 1. 3. 1SEQUENCE DIAGRAM FOR â€Å"BORROW DOCUMENT† USE CASE Searching for a subject in the doclib library system is done by two actors, the librarian or reader. This is depicted in the below sequence diagram showing the interaction between the actors, the library system interface, the database, document and subject during the borrow document function of the system. The process in searching for subject(s) involves the actors gaining authorized access to the system, selecting from a list of displayed subjects and possibly choosing a document for that particular subject. TASK TWO 2. 1INVESTIGATION OF COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION DIAGRAMS Collaboration diagrams, also called communication diagrams are used to model the behavior of objects in use case diagram. Communication diagrams show the exchange of messages (or interactions) between objects as well as the relationships (often called context). That is, it illustrates the structural relationship objects and messages that must interconnect them to accomplish an activity (Kogent Solutions Inc. , 2007 p1562). Grady (2006: p272) states: ‘A collaboration diagram is one of two kinds of interaction diagrams used in UML. These interaction diagrams provide a transition between the requirements analysis work performed in association with use case, state, and activity diagrams and the detailed design of a software system. Thus the interaction diagrams offer a â€Å"preliminary design environment. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2. 1. 1FEATURES OR ELEMENTS AND USES OF COLLABORATION DIAGRAMS A collaboration diagram shows the interaction among objects. It can be thought of as an extension to the class diagram, showing not only the associations among objects but also the messages that the objects send to one another. Collaboration diagram illustrate the class roles and association roles among them that are relevant to realizing the behavior that they depict. They include message flows, attached to the association roles. (B’Far 2005, p. 193) There are three primary elements of collaboration diagram. This includes objects, links and messages. * Blocks represent objects conceived to implement functionality and behavior exposed in use case, state, and activity diagrams. These blocks are interconnected by links that correspond to messages among the objects. (Grady, 2006 p1562). * Links are defined as the relationship among objects across which messages can be sent. These are illustrated as solid lines between two objects. An object interact with, or navigates to, other objects through its links to these object (Guidelines: Collaboration Diagram, 2002). A message is a communication between objects that convey information with the expectation that activity will ensue. A message is shown in collaboration diagram as a labelled arrow placed near a link. The arrow points along the link in the direction of the target object and labelled with the name of the message, and its parameters (Guidelines: Collaboration Diagram, 2002). They are useful for exploring the manner in which one object affects another, as well as to detail its behaviour, and are also excellent at illustrating the links between objects 2. 1. 2CREATING OR DRAWING COLLABORATION DIAGRAMS When creating collaboration diagram, it is useful to begin by modelling the objects that are going to participate in the interaction. With the objects established, one can then model the relationships among the interaction (B’Far 2005, p. 193). Drawing collaboration diagram uses the free-form arrangement of objects and links without any strict adherence to object positioning. 2. 1. 3COLLABORATION VS. SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS Collaboration diagrams are semantically the same as sequence diagrams, nevertheless, collaboration diagram illustrates the interactions of various objects and focuses on the interactions playing a smaller role whereas sequence diagram emphasize the temporal ordering of series of events and focuses on the passage of time respectively (Tonella amp; Potrich, 2005: p89). 2. 1. 4ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES According to the work of Larman (2002, p. 99), the advantages of collaboration diagrams include its flexibility to add new objects in two dimensions and better illustrate complex branching, iteration, and concurrent behaviour. Besides the mentioned advantages, its disadvantages are that it is dif ficult to see sequence or messages and more complex notations. TASK THREE UML diagramming technique was used to offer a range of views of the system. This promoted the development process model due to the use – case driven and architecture centric nature of the project tasks (Bezivin and Muller 1999, p. 441). This has presented a common model from which to observe, review and implement the system. The development of this project went through a series of processes found in most system development projects. It covered the processes of: * Requirement gathering * Analysis * Design and excluded the development and deployment stages which were considered out of the scope of this project. 3. 1REQUIREMENTS GATHERING This is the first stage of the development process and involved a critical analysis of the existing system to gain accurate record of the system. This helped in breaking the proposed system into manageably smaller components to identify the scope on what the proposed system is required to do. This stage was broken down into the following subsections: 3. 1. 1Discovering Business Process At this section, the case study was analyzed to identify the existing business processes. The processes identified were: * Add a document record * Delete a document record * Borrow a document * Return a document * Register a reader * De-register a reader * Subject search * Reserve a document * View a document 3. 1. 2Domain Analysis This section covered understanding the working domain of the system. The system boundary (Doclib library system) was identified along with its entities. The below objects were identified to create the class diagram of the system: * Reader * Librarian * Document * Reservation * Loan * Subject Entities * Reader * Librarian * Timer (system) * Payment Processor (system) 3. 1. 3Discovering system requirements The entities (external and system) were linked to identified functions in the business process section. This included: * The librarian must have access to the system, add and delete document record, borrow and return document, register reader and search subject. * The reader must be able to search subject, view and reserve document. * The system must be able to de-register a reader and calculate loan fee. The outcome of this stage was a clear and concise definition of system requirements for the proposed system. 3. 2ANALYSIS This stage undertook critical analysis on the specified requirements. This activity was broken down into a series of sub-activities as follows: 3. 2. 1Understanding System Usage This included identifying main actors and their functions, system boundary, other use cases and interactions and stereotyped dependencies between use cases and actors to effectively produce a high-level use case diagram. 3. 2. 1. 1Flesh out use cases Description of use cases related to the â€Å"borrow document† and â€Å"search subject† functional requirements were outlined. 3. 2. 1. 2Refine the class diagram The identified classes were analyzed. The multiplicities, generalizations, associations and names of associations were outlined with the classes’ attributes and operations. 3. 2. 1. 3Define the interactions among objects Sequence and collaboration diagrams for â€Å"borrow document† and â€Å"search subjects† were developed to illustrate interactions between objects. 3. 3DESIGN The use cases, classes, sequence and collaboration diagrams are used in designing system solution. This is done iteratively until all design of functional requirements is effective and complete. PROJECT SUMMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY Ambler, W. Scott (2005) The elements of UML 2. 0 Style, Cambridge University Press, New York. Constatine, L. L and Lockwood, LAD (1999), Software for Use: A Practical Guide to the Models and Methods of Usage-Centered Design. Illustrated, reprint. Addison-Wesley. Ambler, W. Scott (2004) The object primer: agile model-driven development with UML 2. 0. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York. Cockburn, A. (2001) Writing Effective Use Cases. Reprinted. Addison-Wesley Agile Modeling 2003-2010: Introduction to UML 2 Use Case Diagrams Available on: http://www. agilemodeling. com/artifacts/useCaseDiagram. htm,

Free Essays on Gay Marriages

Gay Marriages The essay on gay marriages discusses how gay relationships are harmful to those that are heterosexual. The essay mentions how gay marriages were legalized and how it caused an outburst. There are no facts pointing to how the gay relationships affect those that are heterosexual so I personally do not believe that is necessarily true. I believe gay marriages are just like any other marriage. This particular essay also mentions it is not the gay marriages that are corrupting those marriages that are between a man and a woman and that any marriage can fall apart for any reason. I believe marriages are between two people who are emotionally and physically attracted and connected to one another. America is known as the land of the free and this is how it should remain. It should remain as it is known because America is a country where religion, jobs, and freedom of speech are all legal and harmless. If two men or two women love each other and wan’t to be married until death do them part then let them be. I do not think anyone should be aloud to tell anyone else who and who they are not aloud to marry or live with. Gay marriages are perfectly ok by me and it is not as if the two homosexual lovers are making out in public or anything. So why be offended by it? Black and whites get married and produce children of a mixed race and yet still with all the racism in America there are not half as many complaints or any laws trying to stop that from happening. So what is wrong with society and what happened to the land of the free? Love is love I think. I am in love with my fiancà ©e as he is with me and I would adore getting married to him one day. If there was a law stating I could not marry him I would be in disbelief and I would cause uproar. I can only imagine and wonder what these homosexual couples are thinking. Hate crimes against gays are also a bigger problem than most think. Why can’t we leave them alone and let them l... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Free Essays on Gay Marriages I Now Pronounce You Man and Man The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure, and public health are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes â€Å"God†, their friends, and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits. Should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? Because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why neither the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has undergone many changes throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Gay Marriages We as a nation are clearly undecided on the issue of gay marriages. Presidential spokesman Scott McClellan said that thirty-eight states have passed legislation outlawing gay marriages. With other states debating on if they should or shouldn’t allow these couples to marry, it has left the homosexual community in an uncomfortable position. There are some people who think that gay people have no rights and should never be allowed to marry. On the other hand, some people believe that gay people are just like anyone else and should enjoy the same rights and privileges as heterosexuals do. In my opinion, the United States should allow gay couples to marry just like any other heterosexual couple. Gay people are disliked and looked down upon; everyone has their own reasons to dislike the idea of letting them get married. One of the main reasons is that the primary purpose of marriage is to reproduce. Because gay couples are unable to have children, they should not be allowed to marry. Evidently, gay couples know they are unable to have children; they have accepted it and might not want to ever have children. However, if they would like to have children of their own, they could always adopt. Doing this, would leave fewer children in foster homes and give them a chance to make something of themselves. Which would make more sense: letting child molesters marry or letting harmless homosexuals marry? Also, we permit the elderly and the sexually infertile to marry knowing that they will not be able to produce children. I think that homosexuals can make good parents, if not better parents than heterosexuals. Another main argument is that the word marriage means the union of one man and one woman. Under a proposed bill known as the Defense of Marriage Act, marriage is defined as â€Å"a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife.† Furthermore, it defines a spouse as â€Å"A person of the opposite sex who is ... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Part I: Throughout the contents of this paper, I will discuss the article dealing with the legalization of gay marriages in Massachusetts by Richard Cohen. I will begin my discussion by analyzing the article and providing a brief summary of the factual information presented in the text. In addition, I will present my opinion on the article along with corresponding information regarding this particular issue. In turn, I will present my personal beliefs on this topic and support them with other additional information to support my opinions. I will also present more details on the Massachusetts case that legalized gay marriages. This topic is important because this piece of legislation will effect every person and generation in the United States, homosexual or not. Part II: In this portion of my paper, I will summarize the article by Richard Cohen regarding the state of Massachusetts legalizing gay and lesbian marriages. Recently, the state of Massachusetts announced that the band on gay marriages would be lifted. Despite the fact that the majority leader of the House of Representatives Tom Delay is strongly against gay marriages, he may want to stand aside on this issue. Delay, who is known for his adamant concern regarding traditional marriage, needs to understand that not only is the institution of marriage wobbling and wheezing, it is desperately on the rocks. According to statistical research, twenty percent of first marriages do last more than five years, and if the marriage lasts a decade, one third end up in divorce. Married couples, who once dominated both life and television, have gone from a high 80 percent in the 1950?s to only half of American households today. If you look into an average home in the United States today, onl y one in four of those households are married with children, and a reported 86 million adults living in the country are unmarried. It is easy to see from these statistics that traditional marr... Free Essays on Gay Marriages Gay Marriages The essay on gay marriages discusses how gay relationships are harmful to those that are heterosexual. The essay mentions how gay marriages were legalized and how it caused an outburst. There are no facts pointing to how the gay relationships affect those that are heterosexual so I personally do not believe that is necessarily true. I believe gay marriages are just like any other marriage. This particular essay also mentions it is not the gay marriages that are corrupting those marriages that are between a man and a woman and that any marriage can fall apart for any reason. I believe marriages are between two people who are emotionally and physically attracted and connected to one another. America is known as the land of the free and this is how it should remain. It should remain as it is known because America is a country where religion, jobs, and freedom of speech are all legal and harmless. If two men or two women love each other and wan’t to be married until death do them part then let them be. I do not think anyone should be aloud to tell anyone else who and who they are not aloud to marry or live with. Gay marriages are perfectly ok by me and it is not as if the two homosexual lovers are making out in public or anything. So why be offended by it? Black and whites get married and produce children of a mixed race and yet still with all the racism in America there are not half as many complaints or any laws trying to stop that from happening. So what is wrong with society and what happened to the land of the free? Love is love I think. I am in love with my fiancà ©e as he is with me and I would adore getting married to him one day. If there was a law stating I could not marry him I would be in disbelief and I would cause uproar. I can only imagine and wonder what these homosexual couples are thinking. Hate crimes against gays are also a bigger problem than most think. Why can’t we leave them alone and let them l...

The History of Color Television

The History of Color Television The earliest mention of color television was in a 1904 German patent for  a color television system. In 1925, Russian inventor Vladimir K.  Zworykin  also filed a patent disclosure for an all-electronic color television system. While both of these designs were not successful, they were the first documented proposals for color television. Sometime between 1946 and 1950, the research staff of RCA Laboratories invented  the worlds first electronic,  color television system.  A successful color television system based on a system designed by RCA began commercial broadcasting on December 17, 1953. RCA vs. CBS But before RCA, CBS researchers led by Peter Goldmark invented a mechanical color television system based on the 1928 designs of  John Logie Baird. The FCC authorized CBSs color television technology as the national standard in October of 1950.  However, the system at the time was bulky, picture quality was terrible, and the technology was not compatible with earlier black-and-white sets. CBS  began  color broadcasting on five east coast stations in June of 1951. However, RCA responded by suing to stop the public broadcasting of CBS-based systems. Making matters worse was that there were already 10.5 million black-and-white televisions (half RCA sets) that had been sold to the public and very few color sets. Color television production was also halted during the Korean War. With the many challenges, the CBS system failed. Those factors provided RCA with the time to design a better color television, which they based on Alfred Schroeders 1947 patent application for a technology called shadow mask CRT. Their system passed FCC approval in late 1953 and sales of RCA color televisions began in 1954. A Brief Timeline of Color Television Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white  kinescope  process introduced in 1947.In 1956, NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts.  A company named Ampex  made a color videotape recorder in 1958 and  NBC used it to tape  An Evening With Fred Astaire,  the oldest surviving network color videotape.In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the NBC station in Washington, D.C. and gave a speech discussing the new technologys merits. His speech was recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress.NBC  made the first coast-to-coast color broadcast when it telecast the  Tournament of Roses Parade  on January 1, 1954.The  premiere of Walt Disneys Wonderful World of Color in  September  1961 created a turning point that persuaded consumers to go out and purchase color televisions.  Television broadcasting  stations and networks in most parts of the w orld upgraded from black-and-white TVs to color transmission in the 1960s and 1970s. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color, and by the early 1980s, black-and-white sets were mostly small portable sets  or those used as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these areas switched to color sets.

E-insurance in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-insurance in UAE - Essay Example It looks at how e-business can reshape the insurance industry in the coming years. The research attains this end by addressing the following objectives: 1. A critical examination of the essential components of e-insurance 2. An assessment of the United Arab Emirates' business and socio-cultural terrain 3. An evaluation of the chances of successful implementation of e-insurance in the UAE. The propagation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and all other communication technology has created new dynamic channels through which insurance companies can promote and sell their services. Insurers can now provide services twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week at a low cost and over broader geographical area. Besides these opportunities, this research will highlight the problems associated with e-business in insurance sectors for both the insurer and insured, e.g. privacy issues, security payments, lack of information, the level of advice needed and other issues related to electronic business. Th e researcher will use structured questionnaires to collect data and then test results to answer and understand the questions, thus evaluating the current potential of e-insurance in the UAE market. ... This is in the interests of both parties. Chapter 2 Literature review: This component of the research undertakes the definition of the key elements and aspects of the main components of the research. This include the structures of e-business and e-insurance, the Emirati society and other relevant elements needed for the successful implementation of e-insurance strategies in a given nation. 2.1 E-business Since E-business forms the framework within which e-insurance operates, there is the need to look at it in detail. 2.1.1 Defining e-business "Electronic business can be defined as the use of the internet to network and empower business process, electronic commerce, organizational communication and collaboration within company and with it customer, suppliers and other stakeholders" (Combe, 2006). In other words, it refers to the use of the Internet and other electronic system to conduct business. This enables people to conduct business over a considerably large distance and attain the same results as those who do so in a face-to-face manner. The difference between e-commerce and e-business lies in the wider range of processes that e-business applies. Authors like Chaffey (2004) state that e-commerce can best be conceived as a subset of e- business, i.e. it represents selling and buying transactions in the wider e-business world, containing other procedures and elements, such as online customer services, electronic marketing, secure payments and other processes. From another point of view though, e-commerce can be see to be a branch of e-business. Thus, whilst e-commerce is concerned with buying and selling, e-business is concerned with the integration of major business activities, like advertising, customer care and the like

Greed in Victorian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Greed in Victorian Literature - Essay Example But Allan Quatrain cleverly acknowledges that he kept this as a motive in his mind and the man reveals his practical sense. Another thing is that Gagool, the old witch mentions about the white man’s lust for white stones many times in the story. Because of their greed, Allan Quatrain and his fellow men subject to severe death experience in the Gagool cave. All these trials and tribulations forced them to feel regression to their lust for unbounded wealth. The concept of civilized colonization is well executed in this novel. White people try to civilize Kaukauna tribe. Quatrain and his companions promise military exchanges to Umbopa for overthrowing the evil king. But the problem is that the Victorian patronizing spirit of the white people is revealed through their conscious effort to control the African tribes through guns. White people make relationships only for their material benefits and they cannot escape from greed. White exploitation against the African tribes is visibl e in the novel through the character of Good and his efforts to develop a relation with beautiful Kukuana girl.White efforts to civilizing Africans always reached in suppression and exploitation. Even though Allan Quatrain and his companions act as the protectors of civilization, they cannot hide their real intention and greed. Allan Quatrain reveals this when he says thus; â€Å"Then we all laughed and took it as a good omen. He was a cheerful savage was Umbopa, in a dignified sort of a way, when he had not got one of his fits of brooding and had a wonderful knack of keeping one’s spirits up. We all got very fond of him†.... Because of their greed, Allan Quatrain and his fellow men subject to severe death experience in the Gagool cave. All these trials and tribulations forced them to feel regression to their lust for unbounded wealth. Concept of civilized colonization is well executed in this novel. White people try to civilize Kaukauna tribe. Quatrain and his companions promise military exchanges to Umbopa for overthrowing the evil king. But the problem is that the Victorian patronizing spirit of the white people is revealed through their conscious effort to control the African tribes through guns. White people make relationships only for their material benefits and they cannot escape from greed. White exploitation against the African tribes is visible in the novel through the character of Good and his efforts to develop relation with beautiful Kukuana girl.White efforts to civilizing Africans always reached in suppression and exploitation. Even though Allan Quatrain and his companions act as the protec tors of civilization, they cannot hide their real intention and greed. Allan Quatrain reveals this when he says thus; â€Å"Then we all laughed and took it for a good omen. He was a cheerful savage was Umbopa, in a dignified sort of a way, when he had not got one of his fits of brooding, and had a wonderful knack of keeping one’s spirits up. We all got very fond of him† (Haggard 29). Protagonists like Allan Quatrain, Henry, his lost brother and Good of Haggard’s novel represent typical Victorian who searches power and wealth. They begin their journey with a noble purpose then it changed in to various dimensions. Man searching transforms to money searching at the end. Dickens’s hero Pip is also portrayed as a victim of post-

Cold War Essay Example for Free

Cold War Essay The end of the Cold War and the plurality of new issues on the global agenda, to which are referred in this document as well as other literary reviews, have been accompanied by increasing calls for rethinking the foundations of a Globalization Theory and Theories of Globalization or discipline. To differing scholars, Theories of Globalization thought appears to be out of touch with the ground-breaking changes in world politics, as well as deficient in how to explain them to the masses and interested parties. Justin Rosenberg, International Relations scholar, has suggested how strange it is for such momentous events, such as the collapse of Soviet Communism, the strains of European integration, and the economic growth of China (which presently contains one-fifth of the worlds population) and not be inclusive of theoretical logic within other theories. â€Å"These events, within Rosenberg’s Globalization Theory, are part of a gigantic world revolution of modernization, industrialization, nationalism, and globalization in which the West has been caught up for the last two hundred years, tend to be excluded from most International Relations theory. † (Tickner, 2001, p. 9) In popular usage, globalization is linked to the idea that advanced capitalism, aided by digital and electronic technologies, will eventually destroy local traditions and creates a homogenized, world culture. â€Å"Critics of globalization argue that human experience everywhere is becoming essentially the same. Long believed to be a fair characterization of life at the beginning of the twenty-first century† (Qin-Hilliard, 2004, p. 143) Given that globalization has by now come to mean so much, and so little, this paper will discuss globalization specifically as a mode of empire, as an imperial project that has historically operated simultaneously through domestic and foreign policy while obscuring the connections between multiple theories. Looking at everyday life in the industrial international markets and at the responses of the populace at local, national, and transnational scales allows for an approach that would help advance a critical understanding for studying globalization. Multiple Theories of Globalization have burgeoned over the last decade. Arguably, perhaps the most sophisticated critique of Globalization Theory is contained in Justin Rosenberg’s The Follies of Globalization Theory. Nevertheless, globalization remains an essentially contested concept, expressed in a range of important debates. â€Å"†¦there is an ongoing debate between those who believe that it is primarily mythological (or ideological) and those who believe that it is a new reality with important structural features. † (Held et al. 1999) â€Å"The proliferation of Theories of Globalization reflects the polytonality of the phenomena at hand. In this light, globalization can neither provide a new theoretical grand narrative nor be seen as the only path to economic development. We see Theories of Globalization above all as a framework to deal with social complexity (Mittelman 2000). Within the globalization framework we find a host of analytical tools, such as the dialectic between territorialization and de-territorialization, and the concepts of transnationalism, hybridity, and borderlands, which provide a more nuanced picture of the changing face of religious and cultural life in the Americas. † (Marquardt et al, 2003, p. 3) â€Å"There is something about the last three hundred years which sets them apart from all other epochs in human history. In the field of international relations this is especially obvious since these centuries see for the first time the emergence of a states-system which covers the entire planet. † (Rosenberg 1994, p. 1) Examining the capital mobility impacts on cash transfers in universal and corporatist conservative state contexts, none of the possible relationships between dimensions of international capital markets and cash income maintenance is consistent with conventional globalization theory. Rosenberg theorems outlines a broad historical materialist framework for analysis and then challenges the realist a statement or idea that the masses accept as self-evident or obvious. It can be accepted as a model that the geo-political core of the disciplines subject matter is philosophy the most general branch of metaphysics, concerned with the nature of being are distinct from the wider structures of social reproduction develops an ambitious and intellectually rich. â€Å"Stated logic is a pervasive version of Marxs social theory of capitalist society as an alternative (i. e. non-realist) way of understanding the modern international system. † (Rengger, 2000, p. 55) Globalization Theory assumes or explicitly argues that business will resist moderate-to-high levels of welfare provision that raise the reservation wage, create work disincentives, contribute to fiscal imbalances, and engender high taxes. Instead of being an outcome driven and explained by a multitude of interrelated processes and necessary preconditions, economic globalization has become conceptualized in mainstream economic thinking and radical political debates as the universal cause. In his provocative book The Follies of Globalization Theory, Rosenberg (2000, 2-3) offered a compelling critique of the use of globalization as the universal explanation by social/globalization theorists: The term globalization, after all, is at first sight merely a descriptive category, denoting either the geographical extension of social processes or possibly, as in the working definition, the intensification of worldwide social relations And the globalization theorists clearly intend something more than this. Explicit in much of Globalization Theory is the notion that international financial integration is particularly consequential for larger welfare states that significantly depart from market-conforming precepts. For example, â€Å"In this view, the social democratic welfare states of the Nordic countries and the generous occupationally based social insurance systems of continental Europe are under especially strong pressures to reduce costs and restructure along market conforming lines. On the other hand, alternative theoretical argument highlights institutional features of these welfare states (e. g. , universalism and its political correlates) that may buffer them from the economic and political pressures flowing from globalization. † (Swank, 2002, p. 10) Related institutionalized international order is also, (defined and recognized as a society with obligations and responsibilities exist and grow by virtue of membership and especially by virtue of the express consent given by states to international law), the chief mechanism for regulating and monitoring international order. â€Å"However, most important of all, cosmopolitan liberals emphasize that growing institutionalization is the only way in which liberal forms can be globalized, especially in the context of globalization theory. † (Rengger, 2000, p. 106) Justin Rosenberg writings continued to suggest dominating influence of stability or order versus justice, which abstract from real-world issues. Rosenberg call for theory grounded in historical and social analyses is intrinsic to in his Globalization Theory which will be compared to Theories of Globalization as this paper progress. â€Å"He suggests that global issues can be better explained through narrative forms of explanation rather than social-scientific methodologies of conventional International Relationship. † (Tickner, 2001, p. 9) International economic scholars, based on postulates of past findings, have made a significant contribution to the study of economic globalization through theorization of its inherent occupation of space and sheer quantity of material. The distinctive contribution of Globalization Theory and Theories of Globalization within the crowed study of social, economic, cultural, and political has yielded increasingly single and autonomous global environment. Not accepting the policy of some scholars and instead describing the terminology as unclear or too vague and useless for understanding contemporary global economic change, many researchers and analysts embrace the important reasoning of how and why globalization will be a standard for discipline for the foreseeable future, â€Å" †¦as mutually constitutive material processes and ideological discourses, not the least because the term has now gained so much currency in the political and business world. In the context of his critique of international relations and globalization studies, Rosenberg argued that we need to take Globalization Theory s seriously, since its claims combine to exercise a kind of theoretical veto over other, more valuable resources for understanding both the contemporary world in general and its international politics in particular. (Yeung, 2002, p. 285)

Changes in the Social and Political Fabric in 16th and 17th Century Eur

The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were periods of questioning and searching for truth. The practice of challenging traditional institutions, including the Church, was revolutionary. Individuals began to use reason to guide their actions and opinions and realized the oppressive nature of the Catholic monarchy. Individuals strove to act in their own best interest and in the name of what was true to them. The consensus was that society would be better off with an economy that shifted away from agriculture, looked globally, and decreased monopolies and the importance of Guilds, as economic opportunities would surface for all classes of men. This type of economy was only possible in light of religious reform, as religion was the foundation of all traditional aspects of the political and economic world. Religious reformers offered alternatives to Catholicism that attracted men from all social and economic classes. They delineated the problems associated with rule under a Catholic dominated state that the majority of men could relate to. A questioning of the nature of government resulted, and the role that religion should have in politics was addressed. Different opinions surfaced, and because of both differing religious views and an increased awareness of the Church's abuse of political power, religion lost its cohesive ability and diminished in importance in local politics. As individuals experienced life absent of former traditional and religious restraints, benefits were realized, many of which were economic. Additionally, economic ventures led men to encounter other cultures, increasing appreciation of differing spiritual views. Luther and Calvin offered alternatives to Catholicism, feeling that superstition guided man... ... questions considered heresy. In effect, the common man felt deceived by his passivity and realized that his world was quite different from the image constructed by the Church. Two of the most significantly effected aspects of people's lives during the 16th and 17th centuries were their religious practice and economic pursuits. People increasingly used reason to determine what their beliefs were and how they should carry out their lives. Absent of the stringent limitations posed by traditional Catholic culture, individuals could secure themselves better economic opportunities and lifestyles. References Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization: Fourth Edition. Vol. 2: Since 1550. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2000. Walker, Mack. "Guilds." Social History of Western Civilization. Vol. 2. Golden, Richard M. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. 28-39.

Development of Complex Societies Essay

In the early stages of the development of complex societies, many different factors had a powerful impact on the way the societies developed. In some areas of the world, religion was the primary force that led to the creation of organized societies. Other areas developed on trade routes that made it necessary to develop complex societies to incorporate the growth of different economic classes and the wealth they generated into the structure of the government. In each part of the world where complex societies emerged, the communities were responding to different types of challenges and the complexities each society created forced them to confront new challenges which then led to the great, complex societies of history. The urban society of Mesopotamia developed because of the engineering discoveries that allowed residents of the area between the Tigris and Euphrates to increase food production, while the predictability of the Nile River allowed the Egyptians and Nubians to build large , complex societies around their commercial and religious activities. Many simple early societies were based around farming. Through cultivating crops and the land, people learned they could settle down in one place instead of being nomads and support a larger population of people. These villages needed a social structure, but their sizes were limited by the amount of food they could produce. In Mesopotamia, especially Sumeria and Babylon, there is not much rainfall, but farmers learned they could artificially irrigate their crops using the fresh water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers[1]. The large-scale engineering projects required greater social organization than the simple farming communities that came before, but they also resulted in increased food production that allowed them to build cities. The urban centers that resulted required more sophisticated organization to make sure that the population was productive: that building projects could be completed, that resources were distributed fairly, and that the city could continue to grow[2]. The division of labor also created different economic classes, which resulted in various social classes as well. Some merchants grew wealthy catering to customers who came to the city from other places, and community building projects required supervision, organization, and funding[3]. Such a large society could not exist as small farmers trading with one another. Political authority was needed to maintain order between the citizens and protect the interests of the entire community, especially the cropland that existed outside the city walls. An example of the way that authority influenced society is the codification of laws by Hammurabi, especially as they related to family relationships and how husbands could treat their wives. Upper-class people whose marriages represented political and economic alliances were subject to the same law, so that even if a husband had a right to punish his wife for a suspected affair, he could not do anything to her unless he caught her in the act. If he did act out on his jealousy, he would be punished. Hammurabi’s laws treated women like the property of their husbands and fathers, but they also described certain standards of behavior that citizens should be expected to follow for the sake of stability and to reign in people’s behavior[4]. The innovation of urban development also led to the Sumerian creation of military power, as each city-state had to protect its farmland and irrigation projects from one another and from outside invaders. Once the city-states had organized themselves into relatively peaceful social organizations united under a single government, their growing populations often led them to go out and try to conquer other city-states or areas with more resources to increase their wealth[5]. In Mesopotamia, the social organization created in the first cities led to the establishment of the first empires. Along the Nile River in northern Africa, small city states also emerged due to the increased production of food that agriculture made possible. Agriculture first developed in Sudan, where people first cultivated wheat crops and domesticated animals that roamed the grassland. The growing populations made these cities into cultural and commercial centers, as well, and they also required political authority to keep the peace and maintain the functioning of all of the complex institutions of a city: dividing up resources, keeping the peace, and protecting their resources from other city-states[6]. These cities were often ruled over by Kings who were not only thought of as political authority but were also considered to be divine themselves, so they also held a great deal of religious authority[7]. Over time, the grasslands became desert and agricultural activity centered along the floodplains of the Nile River in Egypt and Nubia. Egypt, particularly, had a very wide and predictable floodplain which attracted immigrants and allowed the population to grow. United under one ruler, who was also considered to be divine, Egyptian society became increasingly complex. Massive amounts of resources, especially wheat from the fertile harvests, had to be dealt with, marketplaces had to be managed, and armies had to be raised to protect the fertile land from invaders. The main organizing force in Egyptian society was its strong religious component. The Pharaoh was considered a god as well as a king, and the religious power he held was just as important as the political power. The colossal building projects that the Egyptians embarked on, such as the pyramids and temples, required a very complex society and highly skilled workers and engineers[8]. They developed a very complex writing system not only to keep commercial records, but also to record their spiritual beliefs and the history of their empire. Harkhuf used it to document his exploration of Nubia and opening of trade routes there, showing the high levels of complexity that each of those societies had risen to[9]. Both the African and Mesopotamian civilizations developed out of small farming communities who practiced small-scale agriculture. In both areas, advances in agriculture led to increased populations living in densely-populated cities, which allowed the people to divide labor and specialize in different things. The division of labor led to advancement in almost every area: from engineering and agriculture to art and, especially, the political organizations that organized the whole society and made all of those things possible. Both civilizations developed writing systems, originally developed to keep records, but soon used to express imaginations, beliefs, and to write down the histories of their nations. While Mesopotamian cultures were organized around the complex building projects needed to irrigate their fields, societies in the Nile River had other pressures. Their cropland was regularly fertilized and irrigated, so their complexity developed out of a need to organize the wealth of the city-state and the empire that came as a result. Without the pressure of constantly trying to keep their crops irrigated, the Egyptians organized around religious beliefs, which they expressed in their greatest building projects and influenced almost everything they did. The pressures that led smaller societies to develop more complex structures were different in each case, but they both resulted in the building of the first great cities which are necessary for the political, social, and technological innovations of complex society. Although the places they lived were very different, the Sumerians and the Egyptians both developed writing to record their progress, political innovations to maintain control of growing populations, and laid the foundations for great building projects and the great civilizations that would come after them. Bibliography Bentley, Jerry H. and Ziegler, Herbert F., Traditions and Encounters Vol. 1 from The Beginning to 1500, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010 ———————– [1] Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler, Traditions and Encounters Vol. 1 from The Beginning to 1500, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 25 [2] Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 27 [3] Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 33 [4] Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 36 [5] Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 29 [6] Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 50-51 [7] Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 52 [8] Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 53 [9] Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 56

Impact of technology on communication Essay

The ways new technologies of communication affect my interactions. Since the existence of electronic communication I have made friends who are far from where I live. Although not everyone I have met on the internet becomes my friends, some are business associates, others have become my employer and still many have become my friends. My very common means of electronic communication is through live chats such as yahoo messenger and skype. This is where I get immediate feedback as long as the person I am chatting with is online. It requires that both of us have the account which is free of charge. New technology will show me if the person is away, unavailable, online or offline. I also use the email technology and this has helped me cover many distances in terms of education and socializing. I have bought books that I feel I need to read through the internet and the payment I have done through wire transfer. Surprisingly I have not lost any money or got conned as I hear people complaining that the net is full of fraud. I have also got a free lance job with the essay writers and I wrote my application through an email. After a while I got a feedback from them through email and started working for them. I get all my orders through browsing through the list of orders supplied and I work on the orders and then send them to customers through the internet. My questions if any about the orders are direct to the customers as a message that gets addressed within 24 hours. My pay for the work done is through electronic wire transfer. However I lack the face to face opportunity of interacting with these people I work for and although this does not much affect my work I tend to think that maybe if the meeting in face to face was there maybe we would not bond well and maybe wouldn’t work together. Sometimes this happens as some people who I meet face to face can never become my friends, my partners in business or my employer. They are those people who are hard to deal with, people who are not straight, who will look for war always. This I can only judge once I get to interact with a person face to face. Although one can get a vivid idea of some one’s character through their way of writing – that is the language they use, I believe some characteristics can be hidden and not seen through writing but will expose out rightly on face to face basis. I look at the people on television and associate the characteristics of the individuals here with the background they come from. An example movie from Mexico portrays Mexicans as very beautiful people, very hardworking. This is my personal opinion of the Mexicans and although it might not be perfect, I have come to this conclusion through watching television. Television has always shown Africa to be the land of jungle, wild animals moving freely. When I went for a tour in these places I saw exactly this. The last interesting thing that I have got from the net is a fiance. I met this man through skype and after chatting for quite some time we exchanged snaps. In the snap I saw that his physical appearance is what I would want. We did a lot of communication and said what each of us value, our dislikes and likes. When he finally flew to come and see me, I was not surprised for I just saw the very person I have learnt to love and respect on skype. He spoke the same way, looked just as the snap had shown. After a few months we got engaged and we are now looking forward to our wedding!

Argument Paragragh for Lamb to the Slaughter Essays

Argument Paragragh for Lamb to the Slaughter Essays Argument Paragragh for Lamb to the Slaughter Paper Argument Paragragh for Lamb to the Slaughter Paper Mary Maloney, in the short story â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† is not guilty by the reason of insanity. This is when the crime is committed but the person who committed it couldn’t tell if it was wrong or right. During the murder, Mary doesn’t know what she is doing. â€Å"Her first instinct was not to believe any of it, to reject it all When she walked across the room she couldn’t feel anything at all–except a slight nausea and a desire to vomit. Everything was automatic now. In this quote, Mary is unstable. She doesn’t know what she is doing. After Patrick tells Mary he is leaving her, she goes into shock. She tries to be a good wife but she is breakable. During the murder and right after, Mary is only temporarily insane. She is going to make dinner when Patrick says, â€Å"‘For god’s sake. Don’t make supper for me. I am going out! ’ at that point Mary simply walked up behind him without a ny pause and swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down on the back of his head The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped bring her out of shock. † In this quote, Mary is at her breaking point. After Patrick says he doesn’t want her to make dinner. Mary goes into shock and, came behind him and swung the frozen led of lamb. She couldn’t tell if it was wrong or right, she just did it. After the crash of the small table, it brought Mary out of shock. Therefore Mary Maloney in the short story â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter† is not guilty because she is temporally insane at the scene of the crime so is not guilty for reason of insanity.

Writing Prompts for Journal Topics and Writing Ideas

Writing Prompts for Journal Topics and Writing Ideas May is often a beautiful month, full of flowers and sunshine. May also celebrates a week for teachers during  Teacher Appreciation Week. Many of the following writing prompts for each day of May are written to take advantage of this time of year. These prompts provide teachers a great way to add more writing time in class. Some have two suggestions, one for middle school (MS) and one for high school (HS). These can be simple writing assignments, warm-ups, or journal entries. Feel free to use these any way you wish. May Holidays American Bike MonthFlower MonthAsthma Allergy Awareness MonthNational Bar-B-Que MonthNational Physical Fitness and Sports MonthOlder Americans MonthNational Hamburger Month Writing Prompt Ideas for May May 1 - Theme: May Day(MS) May Day is a traditional celebration of Spring in countries around the globe, often including dancing and flowers around a maypole. However, May Day is rarely celebrated in the United States. Do you think that Americans should celebrate May Day? Why or why not?(HS) In Chicago 1886, 15 people were killed during the Haymaker Riot strikes held to protest poor working conditions. In sympathy, European nations, many  socialist or communist, established May Day to honor the cause of the worker.   May 2 - Theme: Holocaust Remembrance DaySome people argue that the Holocaust is too disturbing for students to learn about  in middle school or even in high school. Write a persuasive paragraph explaining why it should be included in the curriculum.   May 3 - Theme: National Day of Prayer is usually observed on the first Thursday of May. This  day is an inter-denominational event when faiths from across the country pray for the United States and its leaders. The word pray was first used in the  early 13th century to mean ask earnestly, beg. What would you like to  ask earnestly, beg for  in your life?  Ã‚     May 4 - Theme: Star Wars DayThe date comes from the  catchphrase, May the 4th [force]  Be With You.What is your opinion about the Star Wars film franchise? Do you love it, hate it? Are there reasons to appreciate the series? For example,   from 2015 to the present, the   film series has made millions of dollars: Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)   over $900 millionStar Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) over $600 millionRogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)   over $500 million May 5 - Theme:  Cinco de MayoMany people across the United States celebrate the day, but they do not know what Cinco de Mayo commemorates. The day recognizes when  Mexican Armys victory over the French at the  Battle of Puebla, in 1862. Should there be more education on knowing this holiday or other international holidays?  Ã‚   May 6 - Theme: American Bike Month(MS) 40% of Americans have a bicycle. Do you know how to ride a bike?   Do you have a bicycle? What could be the advantages of having a bicycle? What are the disadvantages of riding a bike?(HS) Urban planners include more bike lanes to reduce car traffic. The benefits of bicycles in cities are the reduction of car emissions and the increase of exercise. Is this planning a good thing? Or, is this planning something cities should do? Could this planning be like the idiom the says something is needed like a fish needs a bicycle  ? May 7 - Theme: Teacher Appreciation  (Week May 7-11)What qualities do you think a great teacher must have? Explain your answer.Do you have a favorite teacher from your school experiences? Write a letter of appreciation to that teacher. May 8 - Theme: National Train DayHigh-speed trains can travel fast with some prototypes with speeds over 400 mph. In theory, a high-speed train could race up the East Coast, from NYC to Miami, in seven hours. The same trip would take a car about 18.5 hours. Should Americans invest in high-speed rails for trains or in roads for cars?     Why or why not?May 9 - Theme: Peter Pan DayPretend you were in J.M. Barries story about Peter Pan, a boy who never grows up and remain eternally young. Which part would you most like to see or do: fly, visit with mermaids, fight the pirate Captain Hook, or meet the mischevious fairy Tinkerbell? Explain your answer. May 10 - Theme: Civil Disobedience.In 1994, political activist  Nelson Mandela was sworn in as South Africas 1st black president. Mandela followed the example of the civil disobedience practices used by Gandhi and Martin Luther King.   Consider Kings statement, Any man who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community on the injustice of the law is at that moment expressing the very highest respect for the law.For what injustice would you practice civil disobedience?ORMay 10: Theme: PostcardsIn 1861, the US Post Office authorized the first postcard.  Postcards are usually sent from a vacation place or as a greeting card to mark an event, or even just to say hello.Design a postcard and prepare a message. May 11 - Theme: Asthma Allergy Awareness MonthDo you have asthma or allergies? If so, what are your triggers? (What makes you have an attack or sneeze, etc.) If not, do you think that schools do enough to help those who have asthma and allergies? Why or why not?May 12: Theme: National Limerick DayLimericks are poems with the following scheme: five-lines of an anapestic  meter (unstressed syllable, unstressed syllable, stressed syllable)   with a strict  rhyme scheme  of AABBA. For example: There was an Old Man in a tree,Who was horribly bored by a Bee;When they said, Does it buzz?He replied, Yes, it does!Its a regular brute of a Bee! Try to write a limerick.   May 13 - Theme: Mothers DayWrite a descriptive paragraph or poem about either your Mother or someone who is a Mother figure to you.ORMay 13 - Theme: Tulip DayIn the 17th century, tulip bulbs were so prized that traders would mortgage their houses and fields.   (provide a picture or bring in real tulips). Describe a tulip or another flower using all five senses. May 14 - Theme: Lewis and Clark ExpeditionWilliam Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was able to create a map of the Louisiana Purchase by merely walking through and exploring it. Today Google uses  cars with custom cameras over  five million miles  to develop their Google Maps apps. How do maps figure in your life? How might they figure in your future?May 15 - Theme: L. F. Baums Birthday - Author of the Wizard of Oz books and creator of Dorothy, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Scarecrow, the Lion, the Tin Man, and the Wizard.Which character from the world of Oz would you most like to meet? Explain your answer. May 16 - Theme: National Bar-B-Que MonthThe  word barbecue comes from the Caribbean word â€Å"barbacoa.† Originally, barbacoa was not a way of cooking food, but the name of a wooden structure used by indigenous Taino Indians to smoke their food. Barbeque ranks in the top 20 most popular foods in the USA. Whats your favorite picnic food? Do you like bar-b-que, hamburgers, hot dogs, fried chicken, or something else entirely? What makes it so special? May 17 - Theme: Kentucky Derby(MS) This horse race is also called  The Run for the Roses for the draped blanket of roses placed over the winning horse. This idiom uses a rose, as do many other idioms. Choose one of the following rose idioms, or any other idiom you know, and give an example as to when it could be used: a bed of rosesa rose by any other namebed of rosesbloom is off the rosebring the roses to (ones) cheekscome out smelling like a rose (HS) Just before the race at the Kentucky Derby, the crowds sing My Old Kentucky Home. The revised lyrics of the original song by Stephen Foster changed the  word darkies,   and substituted the word people. Crowds now sing: The sun shines bright in the old Kentucky homeTis summer, the people are gay... Should songs with questionable lyrics from years ago continue to be used for public events? Are there songs that are so inappropriate that they should be dropped entirely? May 18 - Theme: International Museum DayThere are numerous world-class museums around the world. For example, there is The Louvre, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Hermitage. There are also some oddball museums such as Museum of Bad Art or the National Mustard Museum.If you could create a museum about any topic, what would it be about? Describe two or three exhibits that would be in your museum.May 19 - Theme: Circus MonthIn 1768, the English equestrian  Philip Astley demonstrated trick riding by trotting in a circle rather than a straight line. His act was named a circus. As today is circus day, you have a choice of topics: If you were in a circus, which performer would you be and why?Do you like circuses? Explain your answer.Do you think circuses should feature animals? Why or why not? May 20 - Theme: National Physical Fitness and Sports MonthEach state requires a specific number of minutes that students should participate in physical activity.   If your state requires  physical fitness activity for the next 30 minutes, what activity would you choose? Why? May 21 - Theme: Lindbergh Flight DayOn this day in 1927, Charles Lindbergh took off on his famous flight across the Atlantic. Would you like to learn how to fly a plane? Why or why not? May 22 - Theme: Older Americans MonthDo you believe that older Americans are treated with enough respect today? Explain your answer. May 23 - Theme: World Turtle/Tortoise DayToday is World Turtle Day. Conservation efforts are demonstrating success, and turtle populations are up.   Tortoises can live long lives. One,  Adwaita the Tortoise (1750-2006), is reputed to have lived over 250 years. What events would a tortoise who lived that long have witnessed? What event would you like to have seen? May 24 - Theme: First Morse Code Message SentA simple substitution code is when you replace each letter with a different letter. For example, all As become Bs, and Bs become Cs, etc. I have written the following sentence using this type of code so that each letter of the alphabet is written as the letter that comes after it. What does my sentence say? Do you agree or disagree with it?Dpef csfbljoh jt fbtz boe gvo. May 25 - Theme: John F. Kennedys Speech About Sending a Man to the MoonOn this day in 1961, John F. Kennedy said that America would send a man to the moon before the end of the 1960s.   We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. Why is this speech so significant? Should Americans continue space exploration because it is hard?   May 26 - Theme: National Hamburger MonthOn average, Americans eat three hamburgers a week. What is your favorite type of hamburger or veggie burger? Is it plain or with toppings like cheese, bacon, onions, etc.? If not a hamburger, what food do you (or could you) eat three times a week? Describe a favorite food using at least three of the five senses. May 27 - Theme: Golden Gate Bridge OpensThe Golden Gate Bridge is a symbol of San Francisco, recognizable by people all over the world. Do you have any symbols or monuments for your city or community? What are they? Even if you dont have a symbol that you can think of,   explain why you think these types of symbols are important to people. May 28 - Theme: Amnesty International DayThe goal of Amnesty International is to protect and promote human rights across the world. Their motto is, Fight injustice and help create a world where human rights are enjoyed by all.  In some countries, genocide (the systemized killing of an entire ethnic group) is still being carried out. What is the responsibility of the United States? Do we have a duty to step in and stop these types of human rights violations? Explain your answer. May 29 - Theme: Paper Clip DayThe paperclip was created in 1889. There is a paperclip game  to play that pits you against market forces. There is also a movie,  Paper Clips, featuring middle school students who collected  one  paper clip  for each  person  exterminated by the Nazis. The paper clip was also a symbol of resistance in Norway against  Nazi  occupation.   This small everyday object has made its way into history. What other uses could you come up with for a paper clip?ORTheme: Memorial DayMemorial Day is a federal holiday that originated when decorations were placed on the graves of Civil War soldiers. Decoration Day gave way to Memorial Day, the last Monday in May.What are three things that we can do to honor those men and women who died while serving in our military?   May 30- Theme-Emerald GemstoneThe emerald is Mays gemstone. The stone is a symbol of rebirth and is believed to grant the owner foresight, good fortune, and youth. The color green  is associated with new life and the promise of spring. What promises of spring do you see now?   May 31 - Theme: Meditation DayA combination of anecdotal and scientific evidence  suggests that meditation in schools may help improve grades and attendance. Yoga and meditation may help students at all grade levels feel happier and more relaxed. What do you know about meditation and yoga? Would you like to see meditation programs brought into your school?

Virginia Tech Tragedy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virginia Tech Tragedy - Case Study Example Cho Seung-Hui had been previously investigated for hostile behavior, but any action was private and was not disclosed due to confidentiality issues ("Killer's Manifesto"). The University was faulted for a slow and inadequate response and the state was criticized for failing to deal with the shooter's mental health problems. Politicians, educators and editorialists lost no time in commenting on the tragedy, but they arrived at radically different conclusions when it came to addressing many of the basic questions arising from an act of this nature. Among them were the following: Why did University officials allow the killing to continue without evacuating the campus Why did the state not take action and force Cho Seung-Hui to seek treatment for his mental disorders How did the suspect obtain high-powered weapons with a history of mental health issues In this review of the initial reactions to the shootings at Virginia Tech, I intend to examine how those three questions were answered, while at the same time indicating my own critical response to the conclusions that they were based on. The killings could have been prevented by a quicker University response, mandatory mental health treatment, and stricter gun control. The formal investigation into the shootings criticized the University for failing to act in a prompt and proper manner. Timothy Kaine, the governor of Virginia, commented, "It was very clear in the immediate aftermath [of the first shootings] that the community should have been notified that the perpetrator or perpetrators were still at large" (qtd. in Tran). The initial students were killed shortly after 7:00 AM, but a lockdown did not occur and students were not warned of the potential danger until 9:26 AM (Tran). The deadlier second wave of killings took place approximately 20 minutes later. The two and a half hour delay in warning students was unacceptable and the e-mail notification should have occurred immediately. An early warning and word of mouth may have been able to identify and prevent the additional killings at 9:45 AM. Locking down the campus may have stopped the killer from entering the classrooms and dormitories. The report into the killings said, "During Cho's junior year at Virginia Tech, numerous incidents occurred that were clear warnings of mental instability" (Tran). Administrators and students are culturally conditioned to respect privacy and students are reluctant to "turn in bad actors to adult authority" (Henninger). In the wake of the shootings there has been a call for reforming the mental health laws. University officials are considering forced removal of hostile students and lawmakers are considering the suspension of students' privacy rights (Bower). With his extensive history of trouble, Cho only received sporadic counseling and infrequent medication to treat his disorder. It is a sensitive issue to force a person to seek mental health treatment when there is only the potential for violence. Our cultural tradition values freedom and privacy. These values will sometimes limit the action that a state or educational institution can take against someone they suspect may be of danger to themselves or others. According to a report on CNN, "Virginia law disqualifies a person from buying firearms only if they have